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As the tinyformat-based formatting system (introduced in b77dfdc9) is
type-safe, no special format characters are needed to specify sizes.

Tinyformat can support (ignore) the C99 prefixes such as "ll" but
chokes on MSVC's inttypes.h defines prefixes such as "I64X". So don't
include inttypes.h and define our own for compatibility.

(an alternative would be to sweep the entire codebase using sed -i to
get rid of the size specifiers but this has less diff impact)

Extend CMerkleTx::GetDepthInMainChain with the concept of
a "conflicted" transaction-- a transaction generated by the wallet
that is not in the main chain or in the mempool, and, therefore,
will likely never be confirmed.

GetDepthInMainChain() now returns -1 for conflicted transactions
(0 for unconfirmed-but-in-the-mempool, and >1 for confirmed).

This makes getbalance, getbalance '*', and listunspent all agree when there are
mutated transactions in the wallet.

Before:
 listunspent: one 49BTC output
 getbalance: 96 BTC (change counted twice)
 getbalance '*': 46 BTC (spends counted twice)

After: all agree, 49 BTC available to spend.

contrib/devtools/fix-copyright-headers.py script to be able to perform this maintenance task with ease during the rest of the year, every year. Modifications to contrib/devtools/README.md to document what fix-copyright-headers.py does.

In case the total number of orphan blocks in memory exceeds a limit
(currently set to 750), a random orphan block (which is not
depended on by another orphan block) is dropped. This means it will
need to be downloaded again, but it won't consume memory until then.

This changes the block processing logic from "try to atomically switch
to a new block" to a continuous "(dis)connect a block, aiming for the
assumed best chain".

This means the smallest atomic operations on the chainstate become
individual block connections or disconnections, instead of entire
reorganizations. It may mean that we try to reorganize to one block,
fail, and rereorganize again to the old block. This is slower, but
doesn't require unbounded RAM.

It also means that a ConnectBlock which fails may be no longer called
from the ProcessBlock which knows which node sent it. To deal with that,
a mapBlockSource is kept, and invalid blocks cause asynchronous "reject"
messages and banning (if necessary).

Previously CreateNewBlock() didn't take into account the fact that
IsFinalTx() without any arguments tests if the transaction is considered
final in the *current* block, when both those functions really needed to
know if the transaction would be final in the *next* block.

Additionally the UI had a similar misunderstanding.

Also adds some basic tests to check that CreateNewBlock() is in fact
mining nLockTime-using transactions correctly.

Thanks to Wladimir J. van der Laan for rebase.

After the tinyformat switch sprintf() family functions support passing
actual std::string objects.

Remove unnecessary c_str calls (236 of them) in logging and formatting.

Switch to tinyformat-based formatting.

Tinyformat is a typesafe drop-in replacement for C99 printf functions:
https://github.com/c42f/tinyformat

This makes it useable for non-global locks such as the wallet and
keystore locks.

Transaction fee is only used by the wallet.
No need for it to be in main.cpp.

There were quite a few places where assert() was used with side effects,
 making operation with NDEBUG non-functional.  This commit fixes all the
 cases I know about, but also adds an  #error on NDEBUG because the code
 is untested without assertions and may still have vulnerabilities if
 used without assert.

Also changes mempool to store CTxMemPoolEntries
to keep track of when they enter/exit the pool.

GetValueIn makes more sense as a CTransaction member.

This dead code can be resurrected from git history if
transaction replacement is ever implemented. Keeping
dead code in the source is a bad idea, because it implies
it was tested and worked at some point, which is not true.

  relicts from the CTransaction refactor.

- example: if util.h includes stdint.h, remove it from util.cpp, as
  util.h is the first header included in util.cpp

Use misc methods of avoiding unnecesary header includes.
Replace int typedefs with int##_t from stdint.h.
Replace PRI64[xdu] with PRI[xdu]64 from inttypes.h.
Normalize QT_VERSION ifs where possible.
Resolve some indirect dependencies as direct ones.
Remove extern declarations from .cpp files.

No more specific handling of GUI in bitcoin core.
Replace the last usage of fHaveGUI with a fForceServer
parameter on AppInit2.

This means they are declared static, and their extern definition in
main.h is removed. Also moved CBlockIndexWorkComparator to the .cpp
file.

As block index entries have a flag for marking invalid blocks, the
'best invalid work' information can be derived from there. In addition,
remove the global from main.h